PHOTOGRAPHS 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

PRESENTED  BY 

PROF.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 
MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


LIBR. 


03 

ATI  01  OF   I.3 
.fam,   DAI'S.   BTO, 

By 

R.   V. 


April.   1918. 


L  <  b  _' 


T~C 


-    A    -  t-^W/iyX/^  Tr-f; 

I      ^    \ 

Ambrose,  T.   C.,   "Uee  of   Aapheltum  In   -  lie"  ---------  ---—1—144-145 

"Analysis  of  Failure  of  an   -'arth  Fill  Dam  by  Guy  ^terling  ------         124 

"A  Few  'ethod  of  ^u  -^s"   hy  ^oht.    ^rewster  iton  ______      79-81 

Anaonla,  Oonr.    ~:egervoir  Failure  --------------------  04,104-107-112—118 

Appropriations  -   Levees  -   par.   4  ------------------------  1  ___  !  ___         p>4 

Asphalt  -  ron-susceptibllity  to  water  and 

wave  action  -----------------  par  5,  p.  13;  par.    I,p.l4 

nine  -  Beeervoirs  -------  ........  ---  54-42;  61-52;  54;  50-62;      79 

for  old  end  new  Hecervoire  by  ~..  j.Laconte  ------     36-37 

Asphaltuia  in  Sea  *aLls  by  ».   C.    An^roBe  ------------------------  144-145 

for  Reservoir  Llninrs  by   Jas.    E>    Scbuyler  ------------- 

Auburn,  T*.   y.  Baa  Failure  -------------------------------------- 

Austin  Bare  Foilure  ---------------------------------------------  104  -^IQ 

Avoca,   ?a.   Dam  Fftilurc  ----------------------------------------- 

-  B  - 

Baillairge  C5.    -  Bam  Construction  and  Failures  Buring  past  3Jo 

years  ---------  99-105 

ty,  orefon  -  Baa  Failure  -------------------------------         117 

Chae.    "biting  -  otway  Hill  BMB  Failure  -------------------         121 

,      .      .    -       rtial  Failure  of  lieeervoir  Tlnlng  at  Johnson 

lity,   ^enn.  ---  31 

Jnirtown,   "yo.   -  Ban  Failure  ----------------------------------  113 

^arth  Ban  Failure--  -------------  .  _____________________ 

.opr)  ..................................  -------  ......  par>    6  3 

Bac,  Frrncc,  Failure  ------------------------------------  i    4 

Bow  Hlver  I>ras,  rao>«kat   Alberta,  Fsilure  ------------------------ 

Breeks,    ri^vee^  .........  ..........  -  ......  par.   4-5.   n.    2;   por.    1.  p.   4. 

T^rooviyn,    •'.    Y.    "llhnrn  Keeorvoir  Foilnre  ----------  -  -----------  101,115 

-  C    - 

Calaverae  Bar1,  Cal  -------------------------------------  90-94*  lo2-   116 

Cataden,  IT.    J.    -  ^am  Failure  ----------------------------  99 

Canals  &  Bitches    (Irrlfntlon^  --------------------------  9-10;   16-30 

Case,  C.B.   -  Hebron  Sartb  Bam  '"ashed  Out  --------  ^  ------  119-120 

Caving  (Levee)  -----------------------------  .....  .  ......  par.   gt   p.   4 

lear  Lake  Reenrvoir,  Cal.  --------------------  -  --------  19-21 

Clevelrnd,   Ohio,   -  ;:•««  Failure  -------------------------  ,117 

Cobbc  Kill  Heeervolr,  ::ocheeter,  II.  Y.  ------------------  _50 

Cold  npringt  Reservoirs,   Oropon  ------------------------  10-21 

Colorndo  Springs,  Col.    Ban  Failure  1    7tlio 

Compton  Fill  Beservolrs  -----------  —  -------------------  £8-62 

Concrete  ----------------------------  ...........  --------  par.    5,    p<    14 

iValls,    (Levee)   by   Aest.    "n^r.   Gco.      .        la  ----- 

"Concrete   spillway  Befects,   caused  by  Const,  urction 

-fligonce"  by   ^upone  I  auebll  ---------  06- 

Concrete  Boro  Feilures  ----------------------------------  1 

Conehobocken  Hlll,?a.   -  Reservoir  Failure  --------------  115 

Core  P«»  Fpllores  ------------  v^>—  •>-c<f{fTf(  ---------------  109 


-  "   - 

Costs  -  T,-lnlne  -  Canals  -  Pitches  - 

Reservoirs  ------  .......  ----  pnr.    fi-6,   p.  9;   £7;   29;    30;   39;   41:   137 

Covered  Keeervoira  by  Frsn>  T  .  Or 

:"r>>vfi8B68   (Levees'—  ------------------  oftrt   4.5     p^ 

Crimean  "filer  COEaniesion  -------------  *7ll72 

-  D  - 

Dal  'as,   ?exas,  Dair.  Failure  -----------  102     116 

Dam  Construction  *   Failures  during 

??rt  So  years,        .   C.BaiUalrpe  -----  99-106 

Dam  FrilureB  --------  -  ---------  -  ------  99-131 

Dan  *  T?mbankrent  Failures  in  1912,   by 

tfyron  T,,  puller  ---------------------  106-111 

TJnra  ^cpRirs-  .......  -----------  .....  ..  136-142 

!»«•-—  —  --  -----  -  .......  --  .......  ----  12-14;    77-98;    99-131 

Dine  -  Failure  of  Concrete  T<»^B  ------ 

"  Core              -     ......  1  :9 

"nrtb  UO,   124 
"   :'ai?onry       -     ------ 

Davis,    A.    .     rhy   nojse  Trrlfatlon  CanalB 

and  ^esnrvoirs  leak"  ----------------  16-18 

T.r--r  "let  Reservoirs,   Idaho  ----------  17.   19.   20 

Denver  Seeervolre   (Asphalt  Mnefl^  ----  4? 

Pen  roines,   Iowa.      Dam  Failure—  -----  117 

Mteh«e    (Irrlfp-tion^   fr   ?nrwl8  --------  8-10;   16-30 


Jas.  B.    (Levees)  --------------  per     7  p     g 

"arth  Pill  Dart  Pailur«  by  Guy  Sterling 

t   Part  Reservoir,   Cal  -------------  19 

"est   Liverpool,  Ohio  ,H«eervolr  Failure  fl!3 
"ddy,  Heir  Mexico,   -  Dan  Pailnre  ------ 

Mr;-  ton.   Conn                           -        ------  104-118 

^oeion    floveo8>  .........  ------------  par.  5-6.  p.  4;    per.    2,3.4,5,6.   p.    6 

Svaporntion  --------------------------  19-23;    24-26 

-  F  - 

PlBhklll,  H.y.  Heaervolr  Failure  -----  112 

Flekville,  R.    I.   Dan  Failure  ---------  114 

Flntfcesd  CroialB  ----------------------  16 

Plood  Control    (General   Q.A.Ollwore^  —  par.    1,   p.  2 

yolwrell,  A.   Preccott  -  !?e8crvoir 

lining  ----- 

Puller,  Frank         Soverod  Reservoirs  —  53 
Puller,  ::yron  T.  .    "Dam  ft   ^mbanknent 
FalluroB  In  1912"  -------------------                                                          106-111 

-  G   - 
'more,    .  '.  icneral   -  Flood  Control—  P«r.   ^«   P» 


Grand  Raoide,  K'icMgan,   -  Hoeorvolr  n  re 112 

Grand  val.lay   Tsrde.  Colorado . 16 

ndalupe  Rooervolr- — 74 

Ocnnleton,  Col.    -  Dam  Failure 114 


Kaesyan,  ?e.      -  Dan  Failure 100 

FafceB   A3  Ion  &  leo.nard  Uetealf  Oalaveras  Data.  Cal . 91-94 

I-e>roE   lartb  T>ar»  ~aabod  Oat   -  by  C.    3,   Cass 119-120 

Pel",  "oo.  if..  Ar      rr,  (Corcr     all) par. 2, p. 3 

Highland  Park,  KiehipEn,  -  Concrete  Reservoir 95-98 

Hill,  ~ra.  R.  Classified  Review  of  Dam  and  Reservoir  Failures  in 

•«• -112-117 

Elnderlider,  la.   C.    -  Failure  of  Horse  Crook  7arth  Dam 123 

Eopfrins,   C.   0 32 

HopsoTi,  ^I.G.    -  "some  Records  of  Seepage  and  ^aporation  TOPBOB 

from  Irrigation  Reservoirs  and  Canals" 19-23;   28-29 

Hondo  Reservoir,  rew  Mexico 17 

Hornoll,  TT.Y.   Da-  Failure 107 

Eoree  Creek  -  Dsa  Failure 123 

Koneatonlc,  Conn,   Dan  Failure 116 

-  I  - 

Improvement  of  Rivers  -     par. 2,  p.5;par.5-6,  o.Cjpnr.  1-4,  p«  7;par. 

Thomee  &  "^atte 1-2.  p.  8. 

Investigations  for  !)a»  &  Reservoir 

Fotindatione,  by  Caleb  Mills  Savilla  82-85 

Irrigation  kitchen  ft  Canals 8-10;   16-30 

-  J  - 

Janeevllle,    "is.    -  Bara  Falltire 106,  108 

Jefferson  County,   Col                     118 

Jerome  xoeervoir,   Idaho 16-17 

Johnson  City,   Tenn. 81-32 

Jo!            n  ^ac,   ?a.   Failure 12 

Juleaburp  Hoservolr 142,143 

-  7.   - 

•ehelue  Besnrvolr,    "aBhlnftton,  by  n. '•.,   Crownover -68 

rimath   Project,  ore?on  -  Calif. 22 

••xvllle.   ^enn.    -  Dam  Failure 101,114 

/otcberin,  E.    -  "Huesian   ^rineers  "ake   intensive  Hydro- 
metric  Survey  in  Crimean  Uplnnd 71 

-  1  - 

Lako  KcMlllan,  r.  r. I7 

"  Toxawav.  IT.  C.  -  Haa  Foilure 12; -i 


-  I  - 

Lancaster,  ?a.   -  Heeervoir  •"nilure  ----------------------------------  114 

Leakage  through  j^cpanalon  Joints  of  Ttrln     cak«  Bcaervoirs  -----------     51 

tabanou,  Ohio,  Reeerrolr  Failure  ---------------------------------  1      tn£ 

Penna.   ------------------------------  .....  ---------  .....          :  10 

le  Cont*,   T.J.      A  phalt     iaia§  for  ,13  end  Sew  Reservoir?  -----  ---     .";.-37 

T,e  Conte,  I.,7.    -  re.    roB-'-uBcoptlMllty  of  Aapfcelt   to  ~£ter     per.  5,   o.lS 

and  ~a7€  .0  ---------  -.14 

tev»e«  —  ---------------------------------  -  ---------  .  -------  „  2-3 

TCTOCS,    ^rro^ristloisc  -------------------------------------       par.  4,  p.  4 

"•^leb^r,  "Or  :merete  Heserroirs  bnllt  with 

3rtet)le  "*lTcr"  --------------------  96-98 

.lac,  :'onta»a,  -  r.erervoir  Falltire  -------------------------  112 

Tinlnff?  for  ^all  loeer-roire  "by  0.  ?..   Sceelcre  -------------  •   -/ 

f.lttle  Hoc^,   Ark.    -  Dans  Fellcre  ----------------------------  102,   116 

log  ?ooma  frevcc8!  ----------------------------------------     ;;er.   6.  p,S 


Jinoy  City,    'a.    .  Dan  Failure  ----------------------------  102^  117 

Masonry  T>o»  ^allorea  ----  -----------------------------------  103 

c»alf  Teonard  ft   Allen  raxen          :lavoras  Dais"  --------  -  ----  91.94 

ilofleld,  r.'aac.   -  T>a?i  Failure  ---------------------------  1         112 

IrevillP.      .    r.                                  ......  -------------  --------  16 

Illwneapolle,  rlnn.                              —  -  -----------------------  .  i  -•;-•.  f  117 

loslee          TJlTcr,  O^aaisslon  ---------  -------  par.  4-5-6-7,   p.2;par.2,  p.  6 

iriaalaaippl  T?lTer,  Lcwer  --------------------  -  --------------  par.  2,  p.  4 

rortaroy,  '"oxlco,  -  Dam  Fell  tire  ----------------------------  7?-76 

^renl,  Cscsda                               -----------------------  ____.  -^  117 

---------------------------------------  116 


Bamaka,  Alabaoa.  -  Daa  Failure  ----------------------------- 

Baabvillo,  ^ecr.   -                         -----------------------------  1   7 

raeka  City.Ucb.                          -----------------------------  117 

Sowell  f    ;  urphy  -  Trinciplos  of  Trrigp.tion  ~T3glneerln£"  ---  77,78 

^orthlield,  vt,   -  Pan  Fa  11  are  ------------------------------  10?,  117 

-  0  - 

Oakland,  ^nl.    -  ?>a«  Failure  --------------------------------  102,  ] 

Obiepado  uooprvoir—  —  —  .—.—.  —  .  --------  -  ---  «  --------  ...  76 

Ohio  Dan  Failure  -------------------------------------------  17 

Oil  City,  ?a.  Dais  Failure  ---------------------------------- 

Project,  Cal.  -----------------------  —  —  ---  •  -------  22 

-.   .  ^r"  FaHwrt  -----------------------------------  l->6 

Otway  Fill  Dae  Failure  ----------------------  ......  ---------  121 

-  P  - 

?eooo  ^iver   {Tow  rroxico1  Daa  Failure  —  -  --------------------  1M 

T'erraylTenia  T>ao  Tallure  ------------------  -  -------  -  --------  132 

Philadelphia,   ?a.   -  fteecrvoir  Fcilurea  ---------------------  1^1,V-£,   115 


Pbillippines  -    Adobe  "Dame  —  -  —  -  ---------  --  ----  .—  -----  -  ----------  ...  140 

Plattabtirp,  **.   Y.    -  ?cm  Failure  ------------------------------  ..  134,  isg 

•"ortsble  ;<ix«re  -  Concrete  ?am  ---------------------------------         96-9fl 

Port    tapelee,  ~p0b.   -  Dan  Failure  ------------------------------  1-^7  1    ; 

Portland,   >:&ine,   -  r-aia  Failure  --------------------  ....  —  .  ------  114 

Portland,     regor,,-  -------------------------  .  -------  116 

Prineinlee  of    Irrigation   "!n*rinerrlnp  by  ?T  swell   &   ??urpby.  -------        77,    78 

rdoe,   A.    R.-  ---------  --------  -  -------------------------------  32 


-  3   - 

Heeding.  Pa,   -  Reservoir  --------------------  -  -----  .  —  ......  —  ..         69.70 

Reservoirs  -----------  —  -----------  .  ---  .  -----  .  ---  ...  ---------  .  —  .7$ 

Covered  by  Frnnk  L.  Fuller  --------  -  -----------------  .  57 

(lining)  -----  .....  -----  ........  -----  10-11;    12-16;   19-23;   51.49 

•etwoEte   (Levees)-  --------  ....  -----  .  ----------  ....  -----  ......  6-8 

Riverside,  Col.   -  Reservoir  -  Dam  Repair..  --------  -  ------  -  -----     136-129 

Rop.noko,  7a.      Pern  Failure  ----------------------------  .  ---------  114 

Hockp^rt,  IT.    T.  ....  ----------  .  —  .......  —  ......  ------  IQ$ 

r.    -    -uddle  ^ulle  for  ^artben  Dane,  ^te.  -----------  par.  2,  p.14 


'" 


Salt  Siver  Project 170-131 

nan  Prercl;  co  -  Calavaras  Dan 91-94 

Saville  Cnleb  rille  "  Inveetlfratlonc  for  !>a»s  &  Reservoir 

Foundations-. 82-86 

"chuylT,  Jae.   B.       Uee  of   Acpbaltum  for  Reservoir  Tirlnge"  — —  38-42 

Scritnton,  Pa.    -  DBBJ  Failure—. -.-—.--—. ... 103,116 

Seattle  Sesflrvoirs---- ._--.-.........-...................  66-67 

pn*e 19-23;    24-26;   28-20 

Session©,  C.H.   -  "Mnlnpre  for  Small   Storage  Hseervoirs"— 44-46 

^biri^enrburp.   Pa.    -  !?an  Failure — ........ In6.1o9 

Skinner,   Jobn  F*   47-60 

"Some  ft'athoda  ^nployed  in  Construct  ing  Two  Helnforced  Concrete 

Beservoirs"— — -  73-76 

Spanish  Fork  Cnna! — .-.— — .... . — ... . .  15 

Staffordvllle,  Conn.    .  Dam  Failure —  114 

itanton,  Kobt.  Brewster  -  "i  Hew  Method  of  Building  Dams" 79-81 

Staunton,  Va.   Dam  Failure 117 

Sterling,  ?*uy  "toalysie  of  Failure  of  en   Jtertb  Fill  Daa" 124 

Stoney  Kiver  Dam,     .   7a.- 122 

Subterranean  Cavities  Cause  Settlements- ...... — . — ..  ie 

nunnyelde  Project,  'Taehington 22 

-  T  - 

?acor»a,  Taebinrton,  Dan  Failure-- — .— .- ....... ......  Io2.1l5 

Tbonas  &  "'atts   ( Inprovenent  of  Bivers) 

J«r.2,   p.6;    par. 6-6,  p. 6;    par. 1-6,  p. 7;   per.  1-2,   p. 8 

Tieton   Pro jeot.  ""asc. — — — — — . . — 


-  T  - 

Toronto,  riansde,  Paw  failure- 106 

Tuclree  Carson  ?roj«ct,  :rovefia — — . -- 2E 

Turmlo           rvoir,  Oregon «— — — -- 18 

TwrlooV   Trripetion  Dlrtrlct- - .?--> 

voir — , — -  61 


ttemtilla  Project,  Oregon  -------------------------  -  -----------------       82 

rnlon  Bay,  ^.C.   -  Da»  fallora  ----  -------  -----  .-—_..-  —  .--.—  ----  .     106 

of  A3ph«dtum  In  Horn   ?ell8  by      ,    ".    Anbroa©  ---------------------     144 


Victor,  Col,      -     Dam  Fallnro  ---  -  —  -  ----  -  --------  —  ---  -  ---  -  ----  loo, 


-  W  - 


?.eef  :rvoir,   Arlsona  —  —  —  -  ----  -•  ----  -------  —  -  —  —         18 

""rovo,  Ariz.   -  D«ro  fail/are  --------------  —  —  —  —  -------  —       11SJ 

l?«tr-r  rosi>«8  fro  ^hee  ts  CaiialB  ----  -   par.  4  p.8par,l,p.lO;19-5S;24-.26 

cr  tport,  ?t.  y.   -  Dam  Failure  ------------------------------------  106,  109 

•"illie^B'burFfc,  Kaae  -  Dam  Failure—  -------------  -  --------------     102-136 

"11110,  t.   B.   -  "Unaensiuad  by  Seapaga  Flow,  T.nka  Toxawny  "Hain 

Folia"  ------------     126-1E7 

ilnln^ton,  Dal.   -  Bee«rvoir  Kallnre  --------  —  —  .  -------------  115 

~ir,*t:oTi,      .      .    -  taw  Falluro  -----------------------------------     106,  109 

roeetor,   ^wea       **  —  -----------------------------  -  ---  114 


Chgo.    4-13-18 


Subject:    BKPOHf   OH  ISVKSTIOATIOS  OF    LKVBRS 

MM  BSVETM21TS,   LAKS.   ETC. 
I.    I.    -  kr.    Ba*er: 

(PI)         Am  forwarding  today  under  separate  cover  the  report  which 
I  hare  endeavored   to  prepare   in  accordance  with  jour  desires. 

(P  2)          I  thick  perhaps  it  would    be  well  to  oall  to  your  attention 
the  fact  that  the  copies  of  articles  attached   to  this  report  should 
be  carefully  preserved;    this  applies  especially  to   the  printed  articles, 
These  have   been  secured  in  several  oases  only  by  considerable   effort, 
and  in  most  oases  it*ould    be   impossible   or  verj,  difficult  to  secure 
duplicates. 

(P  3)         Consequently,  the  copies  of  the  report  which  were  prepared 
for   other  points  and  held  temporarily  at  your  request  will  not  be 
accompanied  by  the  articles  in  question. 

(P  4)         I  would  like   to  add  here,  as  stated  in  my  report,   that  I 
have  been  very  much  impressed   by  the  magnitude  of  the   field  offered, 
and   the  crying  need  for   some  sort  of  protection  for  each   of  the  various 
subjects  taken  up. 

(P  5)         1  am  firmly  convinced  that  when  ASPEA-WAT  demonstrates  its 
suitability  for    these  purposes,  a  field  so  much  larger  than  the 
pavinfc  field  will  be  opened  up   that  any  attempt  at  comparison  at  the 
present   time  would   be  useless. 

(P  6)          I  sincerely  hope   that   the  report  mailed  yon  today  will 
prove  sufficiently  clear  and   convincing   to   Impress  you,  as   it  has 
me    in  my  efforts   to  prepare    it,  with  the  possibilities  opened  up 
or  that  are  possible  of  development  in  these  fields. 


(P  7}          If  this  result   is  accomplished   I  will  have  the  satisfaction 
of  feeling  that  the  cost  of  this  report  hms  been  money  well  expended. 


JBJr-(BY-CHGO-JAX) 

(Signed)     B.   «.   Elder 


CHQO. 


Subject:    IBYKSTICiAIlOa  Of  L&YKK8,    BAJK 

B&fKtXSIT.  SAKS,   ETC. 
1. 1.  Mr.    Baker: 

(PI)          In  compliance  with  your   desires  I  recently  undertook  to 
gather  aoae  data  on  Levees,  Pares,   Reservoirs.    Bank  revetment,   etc., 
•specially  as   to  methods  which   ted    been  tried   for  waterproofing  and 
preserving  then. 

{i  2)         Attached  you  will  find  a  number  of  articles  appearing  in 
technical   journals  and  periodicals,   which   I   think  pretty   thoroughly 
cover  that  field,     When  it  has  been  possible   the   printed  article     has 
been  secured  and  attached;   in  some  oases,   however,   that  was   imposuible, 
and  a  typewritten   copy  or  synopsis   is  attached   in  such  oases. 

{?  3)         In  treating  of  the  various  subjects  Involved  I  have  seen 
fit  to  take  each  up   separately  in  as  far  as  possible,  and   inasmuch 
as  the  question  of  Levees  was  the  first  one  you  considered  I  SB   tak- 
ing that  up  first,   following  with  the  others  in  what  I  consider  their 
approximate  order  of  importance  in  the   possibilities  for  development 
which   they  offer. 

LEYBS8 

(P  4)         I  personally  canvassed  the  reports  of  the  Mississippi  River 
Cowc  lesion  from  1881  to   1896,  at  which  date  Its  report  was  merged  with 
that   of  the  Chief  of  Engineers  of  the  U.    S.   Army;    these   l  also  covered 
in  so  far  as  they  referred  to   river   improvements  from  1890  to  date. 

(P  6}         The   history  of  levees,   as  you  are  aware,   is  a  long  one,   dat- 
ing back   in  its  Inception  In   this  country,  as  applied  particularly  to 
the  Mississippi  hlver,   to  the  el*£iteenth  century.     Very  little  was 
accomplished,   however,   on.  a  slseable  seals  until  toe   Federal  Govern- 
ment took  hold   of  the   navigable  stream  improvement  and  formed  the 
Mississippi  .River  Commission  in  I860. 

(P  6)         My  researches  show  that  there  has  been  practically  no  change 
or   improvement   in  the  type  of  levee  construction  since  the  earliest  days, 
It   is   true   there  has  been  an  increase   in  sice  and  change  in  form  as 
construction  has  progressed,  wltft  consequent   increase  in  cost,    but  the 
local  available  earthy  material   is  still  used  as  in  the  earliest  ex- 
amples. 

(P  7)          The  Mississippi  River  Commission  has    been  hand  1  capped   In 
aiding  levee  construction  by  being  forbidden  in  most  part  to  expend  any 
funds  for  anything  not  an  aid   to  navigation.      In  a  letter  to   the  Sec- 
retary of  Sar  published   on  page  259  of  the  Miss.   Hlv.   coma,    report  for 
1881,    Jas.    B.   hades  holds  that   levees  are  a   big  rid   to  navigation  and 
sets  forth   his  reasons  therefore. 


-   2  - 


(F  1)         General  Q.  1.   Qllmore,    in  a  letter  printed  on  page  2b   of  the 
Kiss.   BIT.   Comm.   rejort  for  1883,    ahowa  conclusively  the  benefit  of 
levees  in  flood  control. 

(F  2)          In   the  same  volume  on  page  468,  Aset.  Engineer  Oeo.   M.    Helm 
describes  a  concrete  nail   tried  for  the  first  tinte   to  prevent  seepage 
end    the  boring  of  crawfish.     This  wall  was   In  the   nature  of  a  core 
wall  and   seems   to    be    the  only   thing  of  a  protective   nature   other  than 
temporary  expedients  ever  tried  with  the   exception  of  the  reinforced 
concrete  facing  with  which  you  are    familiar,   and  which  has  only  been 
used   in  recent  years. 

(P  3)         The  Con&iBBlon's  report  for  1886-87  states  concisely  the 
three-fold  object  in  river   improvement: 

1)  Contraction  works  for  concentration  of  low  water  discharge. 

2)  Revetments,  or  bank  protection. 

3)  Levees  to  limit  width  of  stream  and    to  protect  the    land  adjacent 
thereto  from  overflow,  as  well  as  to  aid  the  channel  slxe  by  scour. 

(P  4)         The  absolute  need  of  son*  adequate  method   of  waterproofing 
levees   is  shown,  as   far  back  as  1890,    in  Appendix  W.V. »  page  3266,   of 
the   Commission's  report  for  that  year,  subject  "Crevasses  and   Break* 
of  Levees  Occurring  at  Fifteen  different  points'*.     Seven  of  the   breaks 
reported  were  caused    by  water  forcing  Its  way  through  the  levee  near 
the  base.      Four  were  due  to  sloughing  and  settling  of  saturated  levees. 
Two  were  due  to  the  levee  not   being  sufficiently  high,    the  water  over- 
topping the    levee  and  washing  material  away.     One  break  was  due    to 
wave  action  during  atom   on  a  levee  of  insufficient  height  and  section. 
One  was  a  case  where  the   levee  was  cut  by  people  living  above   it. 

( P  b)          Of  these  fifteen    breaks    in  one   year  eleven  could   have  ab- 
solutely been  prevented  had   the  levee   been  properly  waterproofed  and 
protected,     Qt  the  remaining  four,    in   three  oases  the  damage  could  havs 
been  materially  decreased.      Bothlng  that  I  know  of  In   the  way  of  con- 
struction will  prevent  malicious   levee  cutting. 

(F  6)          In  the  Chief  of  Engineers'   report   for  1903,   page  62,  an 
article   entitled   "Wave  ?»'ashn  shows  complete   failure  of  a  log  boom 
on  Friars  point   levee   to  t re vent  wave  action  from  completely  ruining 
the    levee,   and  states   that   it  is   necessary  to  devise  some  more  effective 
appliance. 


8tGO    M  Irj     cvtitj*,-    «<ffr    t"t     iii 


'. 


-   3   - 


(PI)         The   more  recent  reports   in  eases  of  extremely  high  water 
all  cite   bre&ks  due   to  causes  previously  mentioned,    or  tho  expend- 
iture of  large   sums  of  money  to  prevent  breaks. 

(P  £)         Khlle   the  levee  system  on  the   Lover  klsslealppi   is  now 
practically  complete,    the   Chief  of  engineers'   reports   indicate  an 
average  annual  lose   of  approximately  two  million  cubic   yards  due   to 
caving,  which    in  itself  Is  no   anall  expense. 

(?  3)          The  adoption  of  some  comparatively  inexpensive  method  of 
waterproofing,   vermin-  and  rodent-  proof  Ing,   of  these  reconstructions, 
such  as  you  propose  wltti  ASrHA-WAY,  would  at  once  reduce   the   necessity 
of  cross  sections  as  now  constructed  sore   than   enough  to  oover  the  cost 
of  protection.     This  in  addition  to  the  miles  of  levees  now  constructed 
which  require  maintenance   every  year  due  to  wave  wash,  guttering  of 
slopes   by  rainfall,  and  similar  causes. 

(P  4)         As  things  stand  now  the   Federal  Government  has  refused    to 
apply  any   funds    to  the   upkeep   of  levees  which  are  used  as  highways, 
due    to  the   fact  that  as  now  constructed  with  highways  live   stock, 
including  hogs,   have  access   to  the   levees  and  are  a  cause  of  their 
rapid  deterioration.      Ihie  objection  would   be  obviated  If  an  ASPHA-1AY 
road  was  built   on  top  of  the   levee  in  connection  with  the  facing 
thereof,   serving  at  once  the  two  fold  purpose  of  protecting  the   lovee 
froa  breaks  in  case  of   overtopping  by  floods,  and   providing  a  highway 
for  the   use  of  people    living  adjacent  thereto. 


(P  6)          in  conclusion,  &od   before  leaving  the   subject  of  levees, 
it  would   perhaps    be  well   to   mention  some   of  the  expedients  which  have 
been  tried  for  preventing  water  action  and  erosion  on   the  river  face 
of   levees  during  floods. 

1)  Sand    bags  have   been    filled  and    placed. 

2)  Canvas  has   been  spread  and  pegged  down. 

3)  3oarda  have   been  lashed  together  and    made   fast. 

4)  Cobble  stones  or  rubble  stone    paving  has   been  used. 

(P6    )        All  of  the   above  are  expensive  and  at  best  temporary  ex- 
pedients,   their  useful   life  being  limited. 


*&  I 


-   4   - 


fiXYKTMKBTS   Or:   BAfiX  PROSECTIOB 


(F  1)          The  purposes  of  revetments  are  roughly  &a  follow*: 

1)  Reduction  of  the   quantity  of  travelling  aediment  and  o  onsevaent 
lessening  of  deposit  in  the  river    bad. 

2)  Maintenance   of  persanent  minor   bed  of  oormal  depth  and  width. 

3)  Protection  of   property,  wharves,    landings,   etc. 

4)  Protection  of   levees   built  along  the   banka. 

6)      the   prevention   of  outoffa  which  may  affect  a  river  'a  regimen  and 
also    leave  important  aosusercial  oentera  without  swans  of  trans- 
portation. 

(P  2)         In  ay  study  of  the  Mias.   aiver  Coaas.  'a  reports  and   those 
of  the  Chief  of  /.ngineera,    I  waa  particularly  surprised  at  the  aaaount 
of  voTr:   annually   being  done  for  the   preaervation  of  existing  banks, 
and  it  ia  ny  opinion  that  the  field  offered  hara  for  ASPHA-WAY  is  fully 
aa  large  and  possibly  even  more   important  than  the  protection  of  leveea. 
Due   to  the    eroding  action  of  flowing  water  there  la  a  constant  tendency 
for    the  banks   to  eat  away   and  change.      Thia  the   aovernment   tea  recog- 
nised,   and  hbB  endeavored  to  meet  through   faaoine  osattraaa  construction 
and  other  methods  listed   later  placed   on  that  part  of  the  bank  below 
low  water  level.     The   bank  above   low  water  level   they  have   been  grading 
off  to  a  uniform   slope  and  paving  with   stone.     Thia   la  well   illustrated 
on  iaga  165  of  "Improvement  of  Rivers  "  by  fhomaa  and   ,-satt. 


(P  3)         P^e   to  the  fact  that  it   ia  neceaaary  to  extend  the  protection 
of  the  &ubo.ar«j;ed  bfe&k  out   aoae  distance   froa  the  shore  line,    it   ia 
probable   that  the  n^ttresB  typ«  of  protection   ie  about  the   beet  that 
"ban  be  devised  for  it.     However,   there  la  always  a  large  area  of  the 
normal  bank  that   ia  above   the   low  water  line  where  the  nat  tress  axpoaad 
to  alternate  action  of  air  and  water   ia  not  a  success  and  soon  deoaye. 
Paving  with  stone   or  gzavel   ia  not  a  oonplete   suooeaa  either,   due   to 
the   fact  that  the  current  COD  and   does  work  the  aflty  material   of  which 
tho  bank  la   forced  out    through   the   inters  ticos   In  the   paving. 

(P  4)         A  sheet  form   of  protection  that   iaat  once  waterproof  and 
cheap   if  demonstrated   should,   in  my  opinion,    be  very  quickly  adopted 
by  the  parties  in  charge  and  spring  into  universal  popularity. 


(PI)  It  might  be  w«ll   In  paeaing  to  list  Borne  of  the  nethods  which 

have  been  tried   for  protection  of  river  banks,   both  here  and  abroad: 

1)  Terra  cotta  blocks  strung  on  wires. 

2)  Concrete  and  r&lnforoen   concrete. 

3)  Jasanry  and  riprap. 

4)  Pilee    (both  round  and  sheet) 
6)  Fascine  mattresses . 

6)     Lumber  jnattreesee . 
}      Spur  dikes . 

(P  2)  If  the   eroding  of  the  natural   minor  bed   banJte  can  be  c-con- 

omicially  stopped,   a  natural  consequence  will  be  the  salvation  of  orach 
of  the  levee  proper,   which  is  now  lost  annually,   regardless  of  exten- 
sive floods,    thrjUf-h  the  supporting  bank  being  eaten  away  by  current 
action. 

(P  It  ie  estimated  that  the  annual  erosion  of  the  banks  of  the 

Mississippi  r.ivcr  below  Gniro  am  unto  to  the  equivalent  of  ten  square 
mllec  eighty-six  foet  deon.  On  this  basis  the  river  annually  carries 
away  land  (if  a  value  of  fftO*00  per  acre  be  aseuraed)  worth  over 

. 

(P  4)  The  erosion  of  this  vast  amount  of  material  causes  added 

expense  in  the  endeavor  to  keep  a  navigable  channel  open,   ns  the  material 
eroded  from  the  banks  in  one  place  ie  deposited  in  the  lower  resents  of 
the  river  tmd  tonde  to  silt  up  tho  channel,   thus   causing  additional 
dredging . 

(P  5)  The  conclusions  reached  by  Tho-na«  ft  Watt  in  connection  with 

bank  revetment  aro  as  follows : 

6)  "The  object  of  bank  revetment  is  to  protect  the  banks  of  the 

river  from  destruction  by  the  currents.     The  nctive  agency  in  this  b» 
destruction   Ie   erosion,   nnd  ban*  revetment  -mist  therefore  prevent  erosion. 
Perhaps   the  easiest     nd  -nost  obvioue  method  of  doing  this  is  by  laying 
over  thr  r: posed  surface  of   the   credible  bank  a  non-erodible  covering 
and   this   is   the  method  adopted.     This  non-t rodible   covering  must   of  course 
ke  fairly  durable,   rauet  have  sufficient  strength  to  withstand  sny   strain 
put  upon  it,   and  must  be   free   from  interstice*  through  which  scour  -night 
take  place. 


(PI)  "Owing  to  the  fluctuations  in  the  river,   the  different  parts 

of  the  bank  are  subjected  to  different  conditions.     Below  the  water-line 
the  bank  is  always  wet,   -.cove  the  low-water-line  sometimes  wet  and 
sometimes  dry,   and  this  difference  in  conditions  allows,   if  it  does 
not  require,   that  the  portion  of  the  bank  above  and  below  low  water 
be  treated  differently. 

(P  £)  "Above  low  water  the  bank  can  be  seen  and  the  non-erodible 

covering  can  be  laid  with  ease,   and  it  nan  been  found  that  here  a 
properly  laid  utone  pavement   forms  an  efficient  protection.     The  in- 
dividual  otonee  of  this  paving  taast  of  course  be  KO  large  that  they 
cannot  be  moved  by  the  current,   nnd   it  was  found  by  experience  that 
stones  of  this  size  are  not  of  theaselves  sufficient,  as  through  their 
interstices  scour  could  take  place  when  the  bank  was  sandy  and  the 
current  strong.     This  has  been  prevented  by  first  covering  the  bank 
with  a  layer  of  spalls  or  crushed  rock,   of  such  thickness  and  closeness 
as  to  prevent  scour  through  them,  and  to  hold  this  down  with  a  layer 
of  larger  stone.  h  a  protection,  when  carefully  laid,   has  been 

proven  to  be  all   that  is  required  for  the  upper  bank. 

(  •  3)  "Below  low  water  the  conditions  are  different.     As  it  is 

impossible  to  construct  the  non-erodible  covering  actually  in  place, 
the  next  best  thing  is  done,  constructing  it  on  the  surface  of  the 
water  above  wh*re  it  is  to  lie,  and  when  constructed  sinking  it.     la 
this  way  the  continuityof  the  covering  can  be  assured,  and  it  can  be 
placed  exactly  where  it  is  needed.     As  has  been  stated,   this  covering 
nust  not  contain  interstices   through  which  scour  can  take  place,  for 
in  such  a  eaee  not  only  would  the  purpose  of  the  covering  not  be  ful- 
filled, but  by  such  scour  its  own  eventual  destruction  would  be  assured* 

(P  4)  "The  covering  actually  used  has  been  a  mattress  of  brush,   and 

the  only  kind  that  has  been  found  to  prevent  scour  in  very  rapid  etreaae 
is  the  fop-cine  mattress.      In  moderate  currents  another  type  of  mattress 
might  do,   but  as  changes  in  current  conditions  are  always  liable  to  happen 
the  fascine  mattress  only  should  be  used. 

(P  6)  WA«  the  immediate  object  of  bank  revetment  is  to  prevent 

erosion  it  must  cover  all  parts  of  the  bank  whore  erosion  can  take  place, 
or  at  least  where  ite  effects  are  at  all  serious.     As  at  one  stage  or 
another  erosion  may  take  place  at  any  point  between  the  top  of  the  bank 
and   the  foot  of  the  subaqueous  slope,    it  is  necessary,   in  order  to   stop 
all  erosion,   that  the  revetment  work  should  cover  the  entire  bank  from 
its  top   lo   the  deepest  wator. 


- ,        ..- 


-7-  6 


(PI)    "In  the  work  that  hae  been  done  the  paring  has  only  In  a 
few  cases  been  carried  to  the  top  of  the  bank;  in  the  early  works 
because  it  v as  not  considered  neoeeeary,  and  since  1897  because  of  the 
insufficiency  of  funds.  The  Hope field  experience  of  18£7  showed  the 
absolute  necessity  of  such  -in  extension  in  very  exposed  places,  and 
a.i  every  place  where  revetment  is  needed  may  at  some  time  be  subject 
to  severe  attack  it  is  safest,  and  usually  cheapest  in  the  long  run, 
to  extend  the  paving  to  the  top  in  the  beginning. 

(tf  2}    "The  subaqueous  mat  should  in  general,  and  where  possible, 
be  extended  to  the  deepest  water,  for  out  to  that  line  erosion  has 
recently  boon  active  even  if  it  be  not  now." 


II-.:JOATI.;II  EIYCHES  ABE  CABALS. 

(P  3)  next  in  importance,   in  ray  opinion,   to  levees  and  bank 

revetment  in  the    field  offered  for  ASTRA-WAY  comes  the  great  systewi 
of  canals  and  ditches   in  the  irrigated  districts  of  the  West. 

(P  4)  when  it  is  recalled  that  in  the  Inrge  irrigation  system 

the  water  loeees  usually  range  froa  £0jt  to  60£  of  th<    total  supply 
taken  into  the  canal,   and  that  the  limit  of  irrigation  in  the   arid 
regions  of  the  world  is   the  result  of  water  shortage  rather  than  of 
land  cnortagr,   it  at  once  becomes  apparent  what  the  conservation  of 
water  nteans.     And  where  millions  are  invested  in  a  project  it  can  be 
rendily  seen  that  the  prevention  of  the  major  portio     of  the  loss  in 
canals  and  ditches  by  lining  with  an  impervious  malleable  material 
such  as  AS PEA- WAY  at  a  no-Sinai  cost  per  square  yard  offers  a  very 
large  and  attractive   field. 

(P  6)  The  accompanying  articles  show  a  port  of  the  study  and 

dUrcribe  various  efforts  which  have  been  roade  to  effect  this   conserva- 
tion.     I  would  particularly  call  attention  to  the  articles  in  En- 
gineering and  Contracting  -   "Later  Losses  in  Irrigation  Canals  and 
(P  24-£?T          nods  of     revention"    (Volume  .i>5,  pa.es  722-726)   and    'Soai 
Records   -.-t  Seepage  an-       .     jorati^n  Losses  fron   irrigation  hesorvoire 
and   (P19-E3)    CsinalB."    (Voluiae   58,   pa  es  6EJE-626) 


-  8  - 


(PI)  These  articlou.   listing  as  they  do  the  various  expedient* 

which  have  been  tried  and  the  degree  of  success  obtained  with  each, 
are  particularly  interesting,  and  I  think  give  a  very  clear  inu'ght 
into  what  could  be  expected  in  the  way  of  results  with  ASPHA-WAY. 

{P  2)  It  would  certainly  have  all  of  the  good  points  of  the  con- 

crete and  cement  mortar  canal  and  ditch  linings  mentioned,   and  in 
addition  those  advantages  peculiar  to  itself  of  low  firet  coot, 
malleability,  non-perrasability.   ease  of  repair,  accessibility  of 
aaterials   for  construction,  etc.      In  every  case  due  to  the  large 
saving  of  water,   m>re  land  could  be  brought  into  each  system,    th«  size 
of  canals  and  ditch  OB  could  be  reduced,   the  grade  of  canals  could  be 
increased  beyond  that  permissible  in  unlined  ditches,   thus  doing  away 
with  the  construction  of  special  works  for  overcoming  natural  gradients, 
and  permitting  greater  flexibility  of  location  of  di tehee  and  canals 
than  is  now  possible  with  the  unlined   type* 

(?  2)  ;cords  show  that  the  following  aethods  have  all  been  tried 

in  an  effort  to  overcoats  the  seepage  losses: 

1)  Carrying  the  water  in  wood<  n  or  steel  flu-ass. 
Carrying  the  water  in  wooden,   iron,  or  concrete  pipes. 

2)  Carrying  the  water  in  chanrele  lined  with  concrete,   stone  -aasonry, 
plaster,  clay,   or  oil. 

<!/  All  of  these  that  are  satisfactory  are  expensive  and  each 

has  its  objectionable  features.     A8PHA-1AY  lining  should  compare 
favorably  with  any  and  all  of  then  as  to  results  accomplished,   and 
at  the  same  time  reiaove  taany  of  the  objectionable  features. 

(P  The   table  on  pa^c  725  of  the  Engineering  and  Contracting, 

Volume  35,   shows  coctc  of  various  types  of  linings  ranging  from 
8/1  j  of  a  cent  to  7-1/2^  per  square  foot    >f  lining,   and  the  relative 
effectiveness  of  each.     However,   two  examples  of  actual  construction 
with  4"  concrete  lining.  l:.i:6  raixture,   aortar  finish  show  a  cost  of 
practically  90f£  per  superficial  square  yard   of  canal  lining,    and  with 
a  cement  laortar  lining  1-1/2"  thick.  1:4  mixture,  the  coet  was  approxim- 
ately 60^  per  square  yard. 

6)         The  above  costs  are  exclusive  of  the  preparation  of  the 
foundation,   and  give     an  idea  of  what  might  be  considered  justifiable 
and  economical  in  an  effort  to  prevent  seepage  loss. 


.  9  -  10 


(PI)  The  other  factor  entering  into  calculation  of  water  losses 

ie  evaporation,   and  as  it  cannot  be  economically  prevented  by  anything 
except  the  handling  of  water  in  pipes  of  eoiae  kind,   and  then  only 
partially  so,   it  will  not  be  taken  up  further. 

V)IR  LIHISG- 

(P  2)     The  use  of  asphalt  in  various  forms  aeons  to  have  been  given 
a  better  trial  in  connection  with  reservoir  lining  and  repairs  than 
in  any  other  field  with  the  exception  of  street  paving.   In  the 
attached  articles  you  will  note  cases  of  its  use  dating  back  as  far 
as  the  late  eighties. 

(?  3)     Attenpts  hove  been  made  to  -eo  asphalt  from  several  sources. 
California  oil,  rock  asphalt,  and  California  and  Trinidad  solid  asphalts 
were  the  first  ones  tried  out;  more  recently,  however,  practically 
every  oom  lurcial  brand  of  asphalt  hao  been  used  for  this  purpose,  as 
binders  for  mastic,  in  asphaltic  concrete,  and  a*  wash  in  the  native 
state  ap  lied  hot.   I  can  find  no  oases  of  failure  of  reservoirs  so 
line^  where  the  failure  hns  been  traced  to  the  binding  material.  On 
the  contrary  I  have  found  oaaee  where  when  all  other  methods  failed 
asphalt  has  boon  used  i-uccccc fully. 

(P  4)     In  concoction  with  this  subject  your  attention  is  called  to 
(?  16-18)  the  article  by  :tr.  A.   .  Davis,  appearing  in  the  Engineering 
HewB-i.  coord  of  April  4,  1918,  entitled  "Why  some  Irrigation  Canals  and 

orvoirs  Leak."  This  article  clearly  sets  forth  some  of  the  troubles 
that  have  been  experienced  and  the  efforts  which  have  been  made  to  v  r- 
eome  then.   In  all  probability  these  faults  would  never  have  developed 
had  the  canals  and  reservoirs  been  lined  in  the  first  place  with  an  im- 
pervious material  such  as  ASPHA-ffAY.  This  is  certainly  true  of  the  canals, 
although  there  ie  a  logical  question  whether  or  not  it  would  have  proven 
a  success  in  the  reservoirs  mentioned  due  to  the  weight  of  the  impounded 
water.  This  may  have  been  sufficient  to  break  through  the  material  arching 
the  caverns  even  when  not  saturated.  Under  any  conditions,  however,  it 
cannot  be  questioned  that  the  saturation  of  the  underlying  material  hastened 
the  disaster,  which  might  otherwise  at  a  reasonable  expenditure  bee* 
prevented  entirely. 


-   10  -  11 


(?  1)  Ihile   this  subject  of  reservoir  linings  is  lay  ite  vtry  nature 

•ore  or  leas  interrelated  with  both  the   one  Just  preceding,   on  canal 
•ad  ditch  lining,   &nd  the  one  following,   on  Dame,    I  feel  that  from  its 
very  ;iagnitudo  and  the  poruibilitiee  which  it   offers  en   effort  should 
be  nade  to  treat  it  separately,   especially  insofar  as  the  storage 
reservoirs  forming  eo  vital  a  pgtrt  of  the  mammoth  irrigation  syetems 
are  concerned*  where  the  conservation  of  every  possible  bit  of  water 
ic  vital. 

8)  Some  of  the   attached    articles  clearly  chow  the  tremendous 

quantities  in  acre  feet  of  water  lost  through  seepage  and  evaporation 
in  the  storage  reservoire;   references  show  the  seepage  loss  to  be  as 
high  as  ten  tiraes  that  due  to  evaporation.     Due  to  the  extent  of  these 
artificial  1'ifces  many  of  which  cover  from  five  to  ten  thousand  acres, 
the   expense  involved  in  attesting  to  line  then  satisfactorily  by 
any  method,   other  than  puddling,    in  vogue  at    the  present  time  has  proven 
prohibitory;    and  puddling,  which  of  neceecity  oust  be  done  with  local 
materials,    is  not  alwayc   satisfactory,   and  with  the  exception  of  very 
few  cases  it  has  not  completely  prevented  seepage. 

(P  3)  .iiilc    thr  records   show  that  in  the  water  supply  reservoirs 

for  eastern  cities  some  trouble  has  been  had  with  seepage,  it  is  usually 
in  connection  with  the  dam  and  is  not  vital  insofar  as  the  water 
supply  itself  is  concerned,   consequently  they  are  ignored  as  a  whole, 
although  mentioned  in  tho  cub. Joe t  of  dams,   following* 

(P  4)  Sorae  rather  interesting  data  on  clay  (or  puddle),   concrete, 

and  asphalt  linings   for  reeervoire  as  to   c   sts  and  comparative  effic- 
iency is  presented  in  the  attached  article  "Linings  for  Small  Storage 
i  oeervoirs"    (P*  44-46)    by  C.   h.   Sessions,    appearing  in  Kngineering  and 
Contracting   for    <arch  11,   1914,    Volume  41,   pares      304-6. 

(P  6)  The   following  statements  of    ar .   Sessions'   regarding  asphalt 

linings  - 

(P  6)  "If  it   i«  possible  to  obtain  bitumen  or  a  prepared  aephaltic 

mixture,    a  splendid  lining  may   be  rmde  by  covering  tho  eurfaoe  of  the 
reservoir  with  a  well-rolled  layer  of  crushed  rock  or  coarse  gravel  and 
then  -v.  >lying  a  layer  about  b/4"  thick  of  oitumen  or  aephaltic  mixture 
(that   is   acphaltum,    rook  nnd  sand  or  gravel  and  limestone  duet).      This 
lining  will   be  watertight  for  any  pressure  that  may  be  put  upon  it  in 
this   clase  of  work  and  will  not  be   affected  by  any  eeit  in  the 

bottora  or  levee  eurfv.ce  of  the  reservoir .xxxxxx  111  asphaltura  linings 
should  be  well  rolled  and  the-  joints  between  successive  pieces  of  work 
should  be  carefully  ir  Jied  hot  to  secure  a  good  bond." 


-  11   -  18 


(PI)  -  are  equally  tr  -    \Y,  with  the  exception  that 

layer  of  rook  or  gravel  would  nittcd  entirely  with  ASPHA-WAY,    and 

the  results  8hou.;.d  be  even  better. 

(P  2)  Yoa  will  note  in  the  description  headed   "Asphftltwa  and  Oil 

Linin.-s"  in  this  naae   article  that  in  a  crude  sort  of  way  an  attempt 
ie  made  to  secure   "          .-WAY"  results  by  combining  heavy  asphaltio 
oil  with  sand  and  earth.     The  statement  is  made  that  the  asphalt  la 
the  useful  ingredient.     '- ,o  admission  is  made  that  this  has  not  been 
a  complete  succor.;  ,   but  crude  an  it   is  It  stops  about  60$  of  the 
seepage • 


PAJP 

(P  The  history  of  darns  for  developijent  of  water  power  on  a 

email  ecule  and  for  increased  depth  of  water  to  permit  navigation  in 
a  primitive  way  is  one  that  dates  back  to  the  middle  ages.     However, 
it   ie  only  within  comparatively  recent  years  that  conservation  of 
water  recuired  for  supplying  our  large  cities,    for  irrigation  projects, 
and   for  hydroelectric  development  has  resulted  in  a  construe ti on 
intended   to  impound  immense  quantities  of  water  tinder  a  head   of  many 
feet.     This  has  produced  a  condition  under  which  a  daa  failure  is  in 
moet  cases  bound  to  prove  disastrous,   involving  in  many  oases  loss 
of  life  and  always  a  huge  loss  of  property* 

(P  4)  A  study  of  several  of  the   attached   articles  shows  clearly 

that  asphalt  has  ectered  into  the  construction  of  many  of  the  projects 
constructed  during  nnd  since  the  late  eighties,  usually  in  the  form 
of  an    asphaltic  concrete  either  as  a  facing  or  core  wall. 

(P  fa)  Att  in  is  called  to   the  attached  articles  on  failures 

and  their  cause,   especially  to  the  article  appearing  in  the  Engineering 
Hews,   Voltaae  47,   Page  507,   by  W.  K.   Hill,   and  the  article  entitled 
"Dan  Conetr 'ction  and  Failures  during  the  Past  Thirty  Years"  by  C. 
Bailiair^e    (?.  t^-lOo)   .-^peaxing  in  the  proceedings  of  the   Canadian  So- 
ciety of  Civil  Engineers,  Volume  I1/,   page  £76,  which  enlarges  soaewhat 
on  ::r.   Hillf8  article;    (P.  112-118)   also  to  article  appearing  In  the 
Kntcin<  ering  i.c;cord  Volume    67,   pat:c  4£6,   by  -'yron  ",.  Fuller,   entitled 
"Dara  and  E-abarifcraent  Failures  in  1912".    (P.   106-111) 


-  12  - 


(PI)  Theiie  articles   indicate  very  clearly  that  most  failures  can 

be  ascribed  to    ,ne  of  the  following  sources  : 

1)  Insufficient,  spillway. 

2)  Overtopping  of  di 

3)  Failures  due  to  water  leaking  'don<  pipes  laid  through  the  embankaent  • 

4)  Undo  raining. 

5)  Unetsible  eection  faulty  design. 
6  )  £  1  i  pp  1  ng  on  found  a  tl  on  . 

V  )      Poor  workraonohl 

(P  2)  The  attached  article  regarding  the  recent  partial  failure  of 

the    CaLaveras  Dam,   Engineering  II  ewe-he  cord,  April  4,  1918,   seems  to  be 
(P.  91-93)   a  notable  exception  to  the  above,    as  in  thie   oaee  the  upstream 
face  secTe   to  have  el  id  at  least  partially  on  itself  due  to  the  hydroeta- 
tio  head  produced  by  sluicing   the  core    of  the  da-a.      The  face  of  this  dam 
was  protected  by  a  slab  of  reinforced  concrete  which  was  broken  by  the 
elide. 

I?  3)  Unquestionably  in  the  use  of  the  earoe  type  of  construction  any 

other  for-a  of  waterproofing  would  have  suffered  the  saae  fat*.     How«T«r, 
it  would  not  hare  been  necessary  to  e  luice  material  into  the  center  of 
the  dam  in  an   attempt  to  make  doubly  eafe  had  sorae  t.^pe  of  facing  been 
used   that  aou-d  have  been  >•>  tcly  depended  upon  to  sake  tht    dam    safe 

from  seepage.     Evidently  in  thie  ense  the   ^.csignor  distrusted  the  water- 
proofing qualities  of  the  concrete  elab  laid  on  the  upstream  side  of  the 
dam.     His  atte.rj.  t  to  raake  the  dam  absolutely  waterproof  has  resulted  in 
a  lose  and  delay   amounting  to  more  than  $100,000  and  approximately  one 
y*.ar  'c 


(P  4)  h  !•..   a  glance  over  the  liet  just  aentione  •  will  show  that 

practically  evory  type  of  dan  construction  known  has  been  involved  in 
one  or  nore  failures,    I  can   find  but   one  record  of  an  aephaltic  concrete 

.  failing    (Oakland,   Gal.,   10-20-96     mentioned  by  Hill  in  his  article, 
(  P  112)   Engineering  ii'cwe.  Volume  47,   page  506.      In  this  case  the  asphal- 
tic  Concrete  wall  was  B  feet  hi£h  and  only  2  feet  thick  at  the  base  and  1 
foot  at   the  top.      Obviously  it  had  to  fail  by  overturning  undor  any  con- 
eiderable  head  of  water,   but  to  rnake  matters  worse  it  was  built  partly  on 
made  ground* 

(P  b)  The  following  poragruj/h  taken  from  an  article  by  L.    F.   LeConte, 

appearing  in  Vol.  16,  page  230.  American  Water  Korks  Association,  is  of 
particular  internet,  snowing  as  it  does  the  absolute  non-susceptibility 
of  asphalt  to  water  and  ware  action:  (P  36-37} 


<•*?»>! 


-  13  -  14 


(PI)     *  Although  she  :ffioieney  and  econon$'  of  asphalt  is  now 
wall  established,  tiie-e  n*e  oae  englneero  who  fttill  Bastion  its 
durability.   :.  n  is  a  point*  on  which  opinion  has  little  weight.  21ms 
alone  eon  settle  the  mat  to*.  But  it  so  happens  that  there  nor?  exists 
on  the  3aata  Barbara  eoast  *  deoonat-'&tive  proof  which  t*  ray  adnd  will 
outt?eigh  all  the  points  which  esn  be  brought  against  it.  I  *efer  to 
the  asphalt  dike  or  natural  break  r/ater  which  projects  out  into  the 
Pacific  Oeeaa  some  half  mile,  fhis  dike  fo^rvorly  filled  a  fissure  in 
the  country  roo'r.   rhe  stone  on  either  side  has  been  worn  awa.y  in  past 
ages  by  the  aetion  of  the  wares  and  the  dike  stands  out  is  bold  relief 
like  a  quanta 


(F  8)     Mr.  W,  i  :.  ^oh«n,  ia  an  article  on  "Puddle  falls  tor  Earthen 
Baas  with  a  short  aisonsnion  of  other  Cores*,  appearing  la  Engineering 
sad  Contracting  for  Jan.  16,  ivll,  Vol.  25,  page  89  *  mentions  a 
ease  at  •  :v-nn,  Maoa.  ,  in  -.-hie  a  an  earth  daa  with  a  concrete  eere  wall 
of  substantial  thickness  was  fetusd  to  be  leaking  practically  half  a 
million  gallons  per  day.  She  eonelusisn  therefrom  is  stated  as  follows: 

(PS)        fact  that  a  dam  with  a  sore  wall  of  the  thickness 
described,  and  plastered  as  it  **s,  should  leak  is  significant  of  the 
tint  rtuBtworthl  ness  of  concrete  or  masonry  core  walls  in  general.1'  Mention 
is  made  of  two  ether  typoe  of  dlaffer&gas,  namely  wood  and  stool,  neither 
of  which  is  satisfactory.  Paddling  sot*  core  and  face  is  treated  at 
seas  length  and  objections  are  found  to  both  net  hods. 

(P  4)    From  the  attached  articles  it  is  roomily  ieouoed  that  the 
earthen  or  rook  fill  dan  is  the  cheapest  type  of  construction  as  well 
•s  the  aoet  eetnon,  oaterial  for  its  construction  being  srailablo  erery 
where.  How«T«r,  in  order  to  make  this  structure  absolutely  safe  pre- 
cautions mast  bo  taken  to  protect  it  froa  wave  wash,  overtopping, 
seepage,  burrowing  anlmale,  ate.  In  addition  to  the  above  special 
care  must  bo  taken  to  have  ample  spillway. 

(P  5J    Concrete,  in  addition  to  being  expensive,  has  not  proven 
extreooly  satisf  aoto*,v  ,  due  to  a  number  of  swnsow  tonne  waloii  arc  its 
e  pension  and  contraction  with  tonporsture  changes,  its  rigidity  sad 
tendency  to  spoil* 

(P  6}     fuddling  if  properly  done  will  undoubtedly  prevent  or  reduce 
seepage  to  a  rniniana,  but  offers  no  resistance  to  the  other  dangers 
and  consequently  <<mst  bo  supplemented  by  riprap  or  sons  other  form  of 
protection. 


-  14   -  16 


£•_  '  TOPS 

(P  1    )  I'y  study  of  this  whole  field  has  thoroughly  impressed  ra« 

with   the  pressing  need  for  some  sort  of  impermeable,  malleable, 
non-erosive,  non-susceptible,  end  inexpensive  material    that  will 
eo    thoroughly  protect   the  point  in  question,  "be  it  levee,  river  bank, 
canal,   irrigation  ditch,   reservoir,  or  d are, t  that  no   question  of 
failure  can  arise  except  tbroupb   faulty  desipn  or  construction. 

(P  2)  All  of  the  evidence  of  the  attached  articles  tends   to 

show  that   the  succeer  of  this  material  will,  as  soon   as  It  Is  es- 
tablished, be  privon  wide   publicity,   and   it   should   almost  at  once 
spring  into   tremendous  popularity, 

(P  3)  I  can   see  but   one  method  for   the  introduction  of   ASPHA-WAT 

for  this  purpose,  and   that   ie   the  construction  as  soon  as  possible 
of  a  demonstration   section,   preferably  undor   the  worst  possible 
conditions,   on  each  of  the  several   types  mentioned  above.     Then   the 
material   proves  itself   rctirfactory  and  possessed  of  the  qualities 
mentioned,   namely  Impermeability,  malleability,  non-eroslveneec,  non- 
eusceptlbility ,  and  perhaps  ziost  important  of  all,   inexpenalveness, 
the  engineers  handlinr  the  various  projects  can  be  depended  upon   to 
do  the  rest. 


H1IK:  AD 

(Signed)     H.   K*  Elder 


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